Publicaciones

@article{Castilla2023,

title = {Exploring lighting conditions to reduce energy consumption and improve cognitive performance using immersive virtual environments},

author = {Nuria Castilla and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Carmen Llinares},

doi = {10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2023.113496},

issn = {0378-7788},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {298},

pages = {113496},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {The global energy crisis has created an urgent demand to decrease the energy that buildings consume. In universities, the situation is complicated as campuses need to have a high level of comfort and, therefore, consume more energy than other building types. Lighting accounts for a high percentage of this energy expenditure and urgent measures are required to reduce this consumption and, thus, costs. A further complication is that lighting has been shown to have an important influence on cognitive learning processes. One such process is memory, which has a fundamental influence on modern society. In this study, we analyse the psychological responses of 143 students in a memory task in a virtual classroom using three illuminance levels (100 lx, 300 lx and 500 lx) and four colour temperatures (3000 K, 4000 K, 6500 K and 10500 K). The results showed that lighting conditions influence memory. The combination of 100 lx and 6500 K produced the best memory performance. The results showed that varying lighting parameters can significantly reduce the energy expenditure of educational centres and, in turn, provide better cognitive outcomes for students.},

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@article{Castilla2023b,

title = {The effects of illuminance on students′ memory. A neuroarchitecture study},

author = {Nuria Castilla and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Carmen Llinares},

doi = {10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2022.109833},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {228},

pages = {109833},

publisher = {Pergamon},

abstract = {Classroom lighting conditions affect students' academic performance due to the influence of light on learning. Illuminance is a lighting parameter recognised as an important factor in interior lighting. The objective of this study is to analyse the effect that a classroom's illuminance exerts on university students' memories; memory is one of the fundamental cognitive processes in learning. Forty subjects performed a psychological memory task in three immersive virtual environments (IVEs) with different illuminance levels, 100 lx, 300 lx and 500 lx. Their neurophysiological responses were monitored during the tasks through electroencephalogram, heart rate variability and electrodermal activity analysis. The results showed that classroom illuminance influences students' memories at psychological and neurophysiological levels. As illuminance increased, their performance in the memory tests deteriorated, and neurophysiological activation diminished; the best results were obtained with an illuminance level of 100 lx. These results may have important consequences for the energy efficiency of educational centres and provide information about the cognitive implications of lighting for learning in virtual environments.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {The Use of Sense of Presence in Studies on Human Behavior in Virtual Environments: A Systematic Review},

author = {Robi Barranco Merino and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Carmen Llinares Millán},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/24/13095/htm https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/24/13095},

doi = {10.3390/APP132413095},

issn = {2076-3417},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Applied Sciences 2023, Vol. 13, Page 13095},

volume = {13},

issue = {24},

pages = {13095},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},

abstract = {Sense of presence is a key element of the user experience in the study of virtual environments. Understanding it is essential for disciplines, such as architecture and environmental psychology, that study human responses using simulated environments. More evidence is needed on how to optimize spatial presence in simulations of built environments. A systematic review was conducted to define the use of sense of presence in research on human behavior in virtual spaces. Conceptualized dimensions, measurement methodologies, simulation technologies and associated factors were identified. The study identified a diversity of approaches and the predominance of subjective measures over sense of presence indicators. Several studies noted that environmental variables and spatial typologies had significant effects on presence. The results showed that different user profiles responded to stimuli in different ways. The results emphasized the importance of conceiving the construct in interrelation with the built context. A more comprehensive and multidisciplinary orientation is required to identify principles that optimize the spatial experience in virtual environments. This will be important for disciplines that research the human experience using virtual environments.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Lighting, colour and geometry: Which has the greatest influence on students' cognitive processes?},

author = {María Luisa Nolé Fajardo and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Carmen Llinares},

doi = {10.1016/J.FOAR.2023.02.003},

issn = {2095-2635},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers of Architectural Research},

volume = {12},

issue = {4},

pages = {575-586},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Many studies have analysed the effects that design elements, such as lighting and colour, have on students' cognitive functions. These analyses, while providing useful information, do not allow researchers to compare the effects of multiple design elements. The objective of the present study is to analyse the relative influence of lighting, colour and geometry on attention and memory, the main cognitive functions that underlie learning, and on preference. In a controlled, virtual reality (VR)-based experiment, 200 university students (100 male/100 female) performed attention, memory and preference tests in classrooms with different configurations of lighting (colour temperature and illuminance), colour (saturation and hue) and geometry (height and width). The results identified significant gender-based differences, which demonstrates the need to segment, by gender, samples in this type of study. Lighting had the greatest influence, significantly affecting males' memories, females' attention and the preferences of both genders. Colour was also an influential element, significantly affecting females' attention, while geometry was the least influential. Finally, it should be highlighted that attention was the metric most sensitive to design variations. These results may be of interest to architects, interior designers and engineers who wish to create classrooms that satisfy students’ psychological needs.},

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@article{Leandri2022,

title = {El cerebro del arquitecto y la mano pensante},

author = {Gaia Leandri and Susana Iñarra Abad and Francisco Juan Vidal and Massimo Leandri},

url = {https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/EGA/article/view/18434},

doi = {10.4995/EGA.2022.18434},

issn = {2254-6103},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {EGA Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica},

volume = {27},

issue = {46},

pages = {184-193},

publisher = {Universidad Politecnica de Valencia.},

abstract = {After a few decades of enthusiasm for the use of CAD tools in architectural design, there is now concern about the impaired creativity in the process of creating the project, due to the standardization of computer processing and the repetitive movement of the hands. Several theories suggest that haptic perception during freehand drawing favors creativity and thus generation of new ideas. Research on brain function has shown that perceived hand movements can trigger activity in cognitively relevant areas of the parietal and frontal cortex, possibly related to creativity. However, so far no experimental studies have been conducted to analyze the brain activity during hand drawing. This article describes an investigation in which the electroencephalographic activity during freehand architectural drawing has been compared to CAD drawing with a mouse. The results obtained reveal that hand drawing is related to increased brain activity, which would support the hypothesis that creativity is enhanced by free hand movements on paper.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Optimization of the Cognitive Processes in a Virtual Classroom: A Multi-objective Integer Linear Programming Approach},

author = {María Luisa Nolé and David Soler and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Carmen Llinares},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/7/1184/htm https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/7/1184},

doi = {10.3390/MATH10071184},

issn = {2227-7390},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Mathematics 2022, Vol. 10, Page 1184},

volume = {10},

issue = {7},

pages = {1184},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},

abstract = {A fundamental problem in the design of a classroom is to identify what characteristics it should have in order to optimize learning. This is a complex problem because learning is a construct related to several cognitive processes. The aim of this study is to maximize learning, represented by the processes of attention, memory, and preference, depending on six classroom parameters: height, width, color hue, color saturation, color temperature, and illuminance. Multi-objective integer linear programming with three objective functions and 56 binary variables was used to solve this optimization problem. Virtual reality tools were used to gather the data; novel software was used to create variations of virtual classrooms for a sample of 112 students. Using an interactive method, more than 4700 integer linear programming problems were optimally solved to obtain 13 efficient solutions to the multi-objective problem, which allowed the decision maker to analyze all the information and make a final choice. The results showed that achieving the best cognitive processing performance involves using different classroom configurations. The use of a multi-objective interactive approach is interesting because in human behavioral studies, it is important to consider the judgement of an expert in order to make decisions.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {The impact of the design of learning spaces on attention and memory from a neuroarchitectural approach: A systematic review},

author = {Mar Llorens-Gámez and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Carla Sentieri Omarrementeria and Carmen Llinares},

doi = {10.1016/J.FOAR.2021.12.002},

issn = {2095-2635},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers of Architectural Research},

volume = {11},

issue = {3},

pages = {542-560},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Enriched environments in animal models have demonstrated that exposure to an optimal stimulus improves behavior, cognition, and genomics. However, the evidence base for the neurophysiological influence of human environment enrichment has not been extensively studied. This systematic review compiles indicators about the effect of built, indoor environments on the cognitive processes of memory and attention in humans. This work pursues two main objectives: (1) to define current knowledge and the methods that are useful and identify whether previously published studies indicate consistencies and (2) to report the approaches and strategies that can be used in evaluating cognitive processes affected by environment response. Results of this systematic review show that (1) form and geometry, (2) space distribution and context, (3) color and texture, (4) height, width, and enclosure, (5) transition and circulation, and (6) light, sound, and temperature have an impact on memory and/or attention, and they can be assessed objectively. Despite all the advances in this field, methodological limitations and a lack of cross-validated standard protocols are found. Therefore, future research is necessary to provide a deep insight into how human cognition can be heightened by the environment to which it is exposed.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {The Cognitive-Emotional Design and Study of Architectural Space: A Scoping Review of Neuroarchitecture and Its Precursor Approaches},

author = {Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Carmen Llinares and Eduardo Macagno},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2193/htm https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2193},

doi = {10.3390/S21062193},

issn = {1424-8220},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Sensors 2021, Vol. 21, Page 2193},

volume = {21},

issue = {6},

pages = {2193},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},

abstract = {Humans respond cognitively and emotionally to the built environment. The modern possibility of recording the neural activity of subjects during exposure to environmental situations, using neuroscientific techniques and virtual reality, provides a promising framework for future design and studies of the built environment. The discipline derived is termed “neuroarchitecture”. Given neuroarchitecture’s transdisciplinary nature, it progresses needs to be reviewed in a contextualised way, together with its precursor approaches. The present article presents a scoping review, which maps out the broad areas on which the new discipline is based. The limitations, controversies, benefits, impact on the professional sectors involved, and potential of neuroarchitecture and its precursors’ approaches are critically addressed.},

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@article{Serra2021,

title = {Analysis of facade solutions as an alternative to demolition for architectures with visual impact in historical urban scenes},

author = {Juan Serra and Susana Iñarra and Ana Torres and Jorge Llopis},

doi = {10.1016/J.CULHER.2021.09.005},

issn = {1296-2074},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cultural Heritage},

volume = {52},

pages = {84-92},

publisher = {Elsevier Masson},

abstract = {Some urban regulations oblige to replace buildings with visual impact in the surroundings of a historical monument, what implies undesired sustainable and social consequences. We conducted a study to evaluate if alternative façade solutions can improve the assessment of cityscape integration and preferences for six tall buildings with visual impact in the surroundings of the Serranos Towers of Valencia (XIVth Century). Results show that, although replacing buildings is the most integrated solution, some alternatives also improve the landscape integration of visually-impacting architectures and are better preferred than demolition. Citizens are in favor of intermediate positions between actual state and demolition, with people unfamiliar with the area more inclined towards demolition.},

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pubstate = {published},

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}

@article{Redondo2021,

title = {Correlation between objective and subjective assessment of noise barriers},

author = {J. Redondo and M. P. Peiró-Torres and C. Llinares and J. M. Bravo and A. Pereira and P. Amado-Mendes},

doi = {10.1016/J.APACOUST.2020.107640},

issn = {0003-682X},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Applied Acoustics},

volume = {172},

pages = {107640},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {There are several international standards that define the way to evaluate the attenuation capacity of noise reducing devices, by single-number quantities representing airborne sound insulation and insertion loss. These two single-value ratings define the quality and performance of acoustic barriers, the former being related to intrinsic and the latter to both intrinsic and extrinsic acoustic characteristics of the devices. However, not many studies can be found on whether these objective parameters correlate to the perception of annoyance reduction. The aim of the present work is to analyze the adequacy of these objective ratings to indicate the performance of noise barriers, by comparing their values with the perception of annoyance reduction. For this purpose, ninety individuals of two different nationalities (Spanish and Portuguese) were asked to rate the perceived annoyance reduction in a listening experimental test, in which they were exposed, under controlled conditions, to several environmental noises and acoustic screened stimuli simulated by audio filters. The obtained results show a high correlation between objective ratings and subjective annoyance perception, with a better correlation being observed for insertion loss single-number parameter than for the airborne sound insulation single-number rating. Furthermore, significant differences were found depending on the gender and nationality of the respondents. The results, from this ongoing research work, may be of great interest for future acoustic barriers design.},

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tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Llinares2021c,

title = {Do Attention and Memory Tasks Require the Same Lighting? A Study in University Classrooms},

author = {Carmen Llinares and Nuria Castilla and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/15/8374/htm https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/15/8374},

doi = {10.3390/SU13158374},

issn = {2071-1050},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Sustainability 2021, Vol. 13, Page 8374},

volume = {13},

issue = {15},

pages = {8374},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},

abstract = {Lighting plays a fundamental role in learning spaces as it influences students’ performance. Nowadays, new technologies and new teaching methods in higher education mean that very different visual tasks are performed in the classroom, so further research is necessary to identify what lighting is best suited to these new tasks. The objective of the study is to analyse the impact that variations in levels of illuminance and Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) of classrooms have on the cognitive functions (attention and memory) of university students. The cognitive performance of 90 participants was evaluated based on attention and memory tasks. The participants had to view nine virtual classroom configurations, with three different illuminance settings (100 lx, 300 lx and 500 lx) and three CCTs (3000 K, 4000 K and 6500 K). The results showed that attention and memory tasks require different level of illumination. While attention improves with higher light levels, memory improves with lower light levels. Higher CCTs generate better performance in both attention and memory tasks. These results highlight the link between lighting and students’ cognitive responses. This study and its methodology can be useful for architects and researchers as they establish lighting design guidelines capable of improving students’ cognitive processes.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Heart rate variability analysis for the assessment of immersive emotional arousal using virtual reality: Comparing real and virtual scenarios},

author = {Javier Marín-Morales and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Jaime Guixeres and Carmen Llinares and Mariano Alcañiz and Gaetano Valenza},

url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0254098},

doi = {10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0254098},

issn = {1932-6203},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {PLOS ONE},

volume = {16},

issue = {7},

pages = {e0254098},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {Many affective computing studies have developed automatic emotion recognition models, mostly using emotional images, audio and videos. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has been also used as a method to elicit emotions in laboratory environments. However, there is still a need to analyse the validity of VR in order to extrapolate the results it produces and to assess the similarities and differences in physiological responses provoked by real and virtual environments. We investigated the cardiovascular oscillations of 60 participants during a free exploration of a real museum and its virtualisation viewed through a head-mounted display. The differences between the heart rate variability features in the high and low arousal stimuli conditions were analysed through statistical hypothesis testing; and automatic arousal recognition models were developed across the real and the virtual conditions using a support vector machine algorithm with recursive feature selection. The subjects’ self-assessments suggested that both museums elicited low and high arousal levels. In addition, the real museum showed differences in terms of cardiovascular responses, differences in vagal activity, while arousal recognition reached 72.92% accuracy. However, we did not find the same arousal-based autonomic nervous system change pattern during the virtual museum exploration. The results showed that, while the direct virtualisation of a real environment might be self-reported as evoking psychological arousal, it does not necessarily evoke the same cardiovascular changes as a real arousing elicitation. These contribute to the understanding of the use of VR in emotion recognition research; future research is needed to study arousal and emotion elicitation in immersive VR.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Effects of Classroom Design on the Memory of University Students: From a Gender Perspective},

author = {María Luisa Nolé and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Carmen Llinares},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/17/9391/htm https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/17/9391},

doi = {10.3390/IJERPH18179391},

issn = {1660-4601},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, Vol. 18, Page 9391},

volume = {18},

issue = {17},

pages = {9391},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},

abstract = {Classroom design has important effects on the cognitive functions of students. However, this relationship has rarely been analysed in terms of gender. The aim of the present study, therefore, is to analyse the influence of different design variables (classroom geometry, wall colour, and artificial lighting) on university students’ memories from a gender perspective. To do so, 100 university students performed a memory task while visualising different design configurations using a virtual reality setup. Key results show that certain parameters, such as 5.23 m classroom width, 10,500 Kelvin lighting colour temperature, or the blue hue on the walls influence men and women in a similar way, while a purple hue or walls with low colour saturation can generate significantly different behaviour, especially in cognitive processes such as short-term memory. In this study, the use of virtual reality proved to be a useful tool to explore the design effects of virtual learning environments, increasingly present due to training trends and catalysed by the 2020 pandemic. This is a turning point and an international novelty as it will enable the design of classrooms (both physical and virtual) that maximise the cognitive functions of learners, regardless of gender.},

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@article{Llinares2021b,

title = {Cold and warm coloured classrooms. Effects on students’ attention and memory measured through psychological and neurophysiological responses},

author = {Carmen Llinares and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Juan Serra},

doi = {10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2021.107726},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {196},

pages = {107726},

publisher = {Pergamon},

abstract = {Mounting evidence indicates that the colour hue of classroom walls influences student performance. However, the effect of this design parameter has not hitherto been simultaneously assessed for two key cognitive learning functions of attention and memory. The objective of the present study is to analyse the impact that warm and cold hue coloured classroom walls have on the cognitive attention and memory functions of university students. To this end, the attention and memory performance of 160 participants was evaluated in 12 warm and 12 cold hue colour settings in a virtual classroom. Their performance was quantified through psychological (attention and memory tasks) and neurophysiological (heart rate variability and electroencephalogram) metrics related to the cognitive functions analysed. The results showed that cold hue colours increase arousal and improve performance in attention and memory tasks; and design guidelines can be established. Furthermore, correlations were observed between the psychological and neurophysiological metrics, which represents an important advance in the neuroarchitecture discipline. The variety of implications of the results makes this work useful for architectural design professionals, researchers, and policymakers working on improving learning spaces.},

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@article{Llinares2021,

title = {The influence of classroom width on attention and memory: virtual-reality-based task performance and neurophysiological effects},

author = {Carmen Llinares and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Antoni Montañana Aviñó and Jorge Torres and Carla Sentieri},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09613218.2021.1899798},

doi = {10.1080/09613218.2021.1899798},

issn = {14664321},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Building Research & Information},

volume = {49},

issue = {7},

pages = {813-826},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Many studies have shown that classroom-related physical stimuli influence determinant cognitive learning functions such as memory and attention (Choi et al., 2014). Memory and attention are strongl...},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Emotion Recognition in Immersive Virtual Reality: From Statistics to Affective Computing},

author = {Javier Marín-Morales and Carmen Llinares and Jaime Guixeres and Mariano Alcañiz},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5163/htm https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5163},

doi = {10.3390/S20185163},

issn = {1424-8220},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Sensors 2020, Vol. 20, Page 5163},

volume = {20},

issue = {18},

pages = {5163},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},

abstract = {Emotions play a critical role in our daily lives, so the understanding and recognition of emotional responses is crucial for human research. Affective computing research has mostly used non-immersive two-dimensional (2D) images or videos to elicit emotional states. However, immersive virtual reality, which allows researchers to simulate environments in controlled laboratory conditions with high levels of sense of presence and interactivity, is becoming more popular in emotion research. Moreover, its synergy with implicit measurements and machine-learning techniques has the potential to impact transversely in many research areas, opening new opportunities for the scientific community. This paper presents a systematic review of the emotion recognition research undertaken with physiological and behavioural measures using head-mounted displays as elicitation devices. The results highlight the evolution of the field, give a clear perspective using aggregated analysis, reveal the current open issues and provide guidelines for future research.},

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@article{Serra2020b,

title = {Improvement of the integration of visually impacting architectures in historical urban scene, an application of semantic differencial method},

author = {Juan Serra and Carmen Llinares and Susana Iñarra and Ana Torres and Jorge Llopis},

doi = {10.1016/J.EIAR.2019.106353},

issn = {0195-9255},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Impact Assessment Review},

volume = {81},

pages = {106353},

publisher = {Elsevier},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Multisensory stress reduction: a neuro-architecture study of paediatric waiting rooms},

author = {Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Carmen Llinares and Antoni Montañana Aviñó and Juan Carlos Rojas},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09613218.2019.1612228},

doi = {10.1080/09613218.2019.1612228},

issn = {14664321},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Building Research & Information},

volume = {48},

issue = {3},

pages = {269-285},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Stress is an interrelation between a subject and the environment that occurs when the subject evaluates his or her resources as insufficient to meet the demands of the environment (Lazarus & Folkma...},

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@article{Serra2020,

title = {Improvement of the integration of visually impacting architectures in historical urban scene, an application of semantic differencial method},

author = {Juan Serra and Carmen Llinares and Susana Iñarra and Ana Torres and Jorge Llopis},

doi = {10.1016/J.EIAR.2019.106353},

issn = {0195-9255},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Impact Assessment Review},

volume = {81},

pages = {106353},

publisher = {Elsevier},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Llinares2020,

title = {Improving the Pedestrian’s Perceptions of Safety on Street Crossings. Psychological and Neurophysiological Effects of Traffic Lanes, Artificial Lighting, and Vegetation},

author = {Carmen Llinares and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Antoni Montañana and Nuria Castilla},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/22/8576/htm https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/22/8576},

doi = {10.3390/IJERPH17228576},

issn = {1660-4601},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, Vol. 17, Page 8576},

volume = {17},

issue = {22},

pages = {8576},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},

abstract = {The effect that the physical characteristics of urban design have on the pedestrian’s perceptions of safety is a fundamental aspect of city planning. This is particularly so with street crossings, where the pedestrian has to make a decision. This paper analyses how pedestrians are affected by number of traffic lanes, lighting colour temperature, and nearby vegetation as they cross roads. Perceptions of safety were quantified by means of the psychological and neurophysiological responses of 60 participants to 16 virtual reality scenarios (4 day and 12 night), based on existing urban design variables. The results showed differences between night-time and daytime scenarios, which suggests that there is a need to analyse both situations. As to the design guidelines, it was observed that safety is improved by reducing the number of traffic lanes and nearby vegetation, and by using a lighting colour temperature of 4500 K. However, the analysis of the variables showed that combined effects produce different results to those obtained from the analysis of individual elements. This result is essential information for urban managers in their assessments of whether particular interventions will improve crossing points.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Real vs. immersive-virtual emotional experience: Analysis of psycho-physiological patterns in a free exploration of an art museum},

author = {Javier Marín-Morales and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Alberto Greco and Jaime Guixeres and Carmen Llinares and Claudio Gentili and Enzo Pasquale Scilingo and Mariano Alcañiz and Gaetano Valenza},

url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223881},

doi = {10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0223881},

issn = {1932-6203},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {PLOS ONE},

volume = {14},

issue = {10},

pages = {e0223881},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {Virtual reality is a powerful tool in human behaviour research. However, few studies compare its capacity to evoke the same emotional responses as in real scenarios. This study investigates psycho-physiological patterns evoked during the free exploration of an art museum and the museum virtualized through a 3D immersive virtual environment (IVE). An exploratory study involving 60 participants was performed, recording electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic signals using wearable devices. The real vs. virtual psychological comparison was performed using self-assessment emotional response tests, whereas the physiological comparison was performed through Support Vector Machine algorithms, endowed with an effective feature selection procedure for a set of state-of-the-art metrics quantifying cardiovascular and brain linear and nonlinear dynamics. We included an initial calibration phase, using standardized 2D and 360° emotional stimuli, to increase the accuracy of the model. The self-assessments of the physical and virtual museum support the use of IVEs in emotion research. The 2-class (high/low) system accuracy was 71.52% and 77.08% along the arousal and valence dimension, respectively, in the physical museum, and 75.00% and 71.08% in the virtual museum. The previously presented 360° stimuli contributed to increasing the accuracy in the virtual museum. Also, the real vs. virtual classifier accuracy was 95.27%, using only EEG mean phase coherency features, which demonstrates the high involvement of brain synchronization in emotional virtual reality processes. These findings provide an important contribution at a methodological level and to scientific knowledge, which will effectively guide future emotion elicitation and recognition systems using virtual reality.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Navigation Comparison between a Real and a Virtual Museum: Time-dependent Differences using a Head Mounted Display},

author = {Javier Marín-Morales and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Carla De-Juan-Ripoll and Carmen Llinares and Jaime Guixeres and Susana Iñarra and Mariano Alcañiz},

url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwz018},

doi = {10.1093/IWC/IWZ018},

issn = {0953-5438},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Interacting with Computers},

volume = {31},

issue = {2},

pages = {208-220},

publisher = {Oxford Academic},

abstract = {The validity of environmental simulations depends on their capacity to replicate responses produced in physical environments. However, very few studies validate navigation differences in immersive virtual environments, even though these can radically condition space perception and therefore alter the various evoked responses. The objective of this paper is to validate environmental simulations using 3D environments and head-mounted display devices, at behavioural level through navigation. A comparison is undertaken between the free exploration of an art exhibition in a physical museum and a simulation of the same experience. As a first perception validation, the virtual museum shows a high degree of presence. Movement patterns in both 'museums' show close similarities, and present significant differences at the beginning of the exploration in terms of the percentage of area explored and the time taken to undertake the tours. Therefore, the results show there are significant time-dependent differences in navigation patterns during the first 2 minutes of the tours. Subsequently, there are no significant differences in navigation in physical and virtual museums. These findings support the use of immersive virtual environments as empirical tools in human behavioural research at navigation level. Research highlights: The latest generation HMDs show a high degree of presence. There are significant differences in navigation patterns during the first 2 minutes of a tour. Adaptation time need to be considered in future research. Training rooms need to be realistic, to avoid the 'wow' effect in the main experiment. Results support the use of Virtual Reality and the latest HMDs as empirical tools in human behavioural research at navigation level.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Symbiosis between panoramic photography, CGI and freehand drawing in landscape representation},

author = {Pedro Manuel Cabezos Bernal and Hugo A. Barros Costa and Susana Iñarra Abad},

url = {https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/155706},

issn = {1828-5961},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {DisegnareCon},

volume = {12},

issue = {22},

pages = {4.1-4.11},

publisher = {Università di Bologna},

abstract = {4.1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Navigation Comparison between a Real and a Virtual Museum: Time-dependent Differences using a Head Mounted Display},

author = {Javier Marín-Morales and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Carla De-Juan-Ripoll and Carmen Llinares and Jaime Guixeres and Susana Iñarra and Mariano Alcañiz},

url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwz018},

doi = {10.1093/IWC/IWZ018},

issn = {0953-5438},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Interacting with Computers},

volume = {31},

issue = {2},

pages = {208-220},

publisher = {Oxford Academic},

abstract = {The validity of environmental simulations depends on their capacity to replicate responses produced in physical environments. However, very few studies validate navigation differences in immersive virtual environments, even though these can radically condition space perception and therefore alter the various evoked responses. The objective of this paper is to validate environmental simulations using 3D environments and head-mounted display devices, at behavioural level through navigation. A comparison is undertaken between the free exploration of an art exhibition in a physical museum and a simulation of the same experience. As a first perception validation, the virtual museum shows a high degree of presence. Movement patterns in both 'museums' show close similarities, and present significant differences at the beginning of the exploration in terms of the percentage of area explored and the time taken to undertake the tours. Therefore, the results show there are significant time-dependent differences in navigation patterns during the first 2 minutes of the tours. Subsequently, there are no significant differences in navigation in physical and virtual museums. These findings support the use of immersive virtual environments as empirical tools in human behavioural research at navigation level. Research highlights: The latest generation HMDs show a high degree of presence. There are significant differences in navigation patterns during the first 2 minutes of a tour. Adaptation time need to be considered in future research. Training rooms need to be realistic, to avoid the 'wow' effect in the main experiment. Results support the use of Virtual Reality and the latest HMDs as empirical tools in human behavioural research at navigation level.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Influence of Color in a Lactation Room on Users’ Affective Impressions and Preferences},

author = {Juan López-Tarruella and Carmen Llinares and Juan Serra Lluch and Susana Iñarra Abad and Helle Wijk},

url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1937586718796593},

doi = {10.1177/1937586718796593},

issn = {21675112},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718796593},

volume = {12},

issue = {2},

pages = {55-70},

publisher = {SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA},

abstract = {Objective:The present study aims to examine the influence of environmental color hue in a lactation room at a health center on users’ affective response and preference.Background:Hospital design pl...},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Castilla2018,

title = {Affective evaluation of the luminous environment in university classrooms},

author = {Nuria Castilla and Carmen Llinares and Fabio Bisegna and Vicente Blanca-Giménez},

doi = {10.1016/J.JENVP.2018.07.010},

issn = {0272-4944},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},

volume = {58},

pages = {52-62},

publisher = {Academic Press},

abstract = {Universities worldwide are adopting new teaching methods and using new educational technologies. This progress requires changes in their physical environment, especially in the case of lighting, which is regarded as fundamental because of its recognised effect on the learning process. Different light levels are needed for new classroom tasks. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the affective impressions of university students with regard to the luminous environment in their classroom, in relation to the different tasks they carry out there. This analysis is conducted in the frame of Kansei Engineering. A sample of 854 students assessed in situ the luminous environment of 29 classrooms. In the first stage, subjective evaluation scales adapted to the students were defined and then related to the classroom tasks. The results show that students’ affective responses in the assessment of the luminous environment in their classroom can be explained through the following dimensions: Clear-efficient, Uniform, Cheerful-colourful, Warm-cosy, Surprising-amazing and Intense-brilliant. The relation of these dimensions to the tasks shows that the luminous environments in the classrooms need to be changed in accordance with the nature of the tasks. The environment should be different for the tasks groups of Writing-reading, Reflecting-discussing (for collaborative work) and Paying attention. It seems, therefore, that new classroom lighting guidelines, tailored to the new methodologies and technologies, are needed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Affective computing in virtual reality: emotion recognition from brain and heartbeat dynamics using wearable sensors},

author = {Javier Marín-Morales and Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Alberto Greco and Jaime Guixeres and Carmen Llinares and Enzo Pasquale Scilingo and Mariano Alcañiz and Gaetano Valenza},

url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-32063-4},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-32063-4},

issn = {2045-2322},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports 2018 8:1},

volume = {8},

issue = {1},

pages = {1-15},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Affective Computing has emerged as an important field of study that aims to develop systems that can automatically recognize emotions. Up to the present, elicitation has been carried out with non-immersive stimuli. This study, on the other hand, aims to develop an emotion recognition system for affective states evoked through Immersive Virtual Environments. Four alternative virtual rooms were designed to elicit four possible arousal-valence combinations, as described in each quadrant of the Circumplex Model of Affects. An experiment involving the recording of the electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) of sixty participants was carried out. A set of features was extracted from these signals using various state-of-the-art metrics that quantify brain and cardiovascular linear and nonlinear dynamics, which were input into a Support Vector Machine classifier to predict the subject’s arousal and valence perception. The model’s accuracy was 75.00% along the arousal dimension and 71.21% along the valence dimension. Our findings validate the use of Immersive Virtual Environments to elicit and automatically recognize different emotional states from neural and cardiac dynamics; this development could have novel applications in fields as diverse as Architecture, Health, Education and Videogames.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Llinares2018,

title = {Design Attributes Influencing the Success of Urban 3D Visualizations: Differences in Assessments According to Training and Intention},

author = {Carmen Llinares and Susana Iñarra and Jaime Guixeres},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2018.1444873},

doi = {10.1080/10630732.2018.1444873},

issn = {14661853},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Urban Technology},

volume = {25},

issue = {4},

pages = {39-57},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {The graphic tools most widely used by planners and engineers to communicate the design of future urban spaces are 3D visualizations. Professionals and academics recognize the value of this tool to ...},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Castilla2018b,

title = {Emotional evaluation of lighting in university classrooms: A preliminary study},

author = {Nuria Castilla and Carmen Llinares and Fabio Bisegna and Vicente Blanca-Giménez},

doi = {10.1016/J.FOAR.2018.07.002},

issn = {2095-2635},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers of Architectural Research},

volume = {7},

issue = {4},

pages = {600-609},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {In educational environments an improvement in the quality of interior lighting has a direct benefit in increasing productivity and alertness of students and teachers, as well as very important implications for the energy efficiency of the education facilities but when a replacement with different lighting is analyzed, research may be tarnished by users’ pre-formed opinions, influenced by manufacturers and advertising. Consequently, it is necessary to understand the users’ point of view, even before of being subjected to any change in the lighting stimulus. Based on the Kansei Engineering framework, the general objective of this paper is to evaluate and compare the subjective evaluation of students’ pre-formed opinions to lighting provided by two types of lamps (fluorescent and LED). The subjective assessment of 427 university students has been compared over four years. The results show significant differences in students’ subjective evaluation. This finding highlights the existence of symbolic or functional attributes of the usefulness perceived by the student that could influence on investigations in which different types of lighting are compared.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Castilla2017,

title = {Subjective assessment of university classroom environment},

author = {Nuria Castilla and Carmen Llinares and Jose María Bravo and Vicente Blanca},

doi = {10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2017.06.004},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {122},

pages = {72-81},

publisher = {Pergamon},

abstract = {Research into the design of learning environments is warranted as the classroom space impacts on students' wellbeing and learning performance. Studies on subjective evaluation of classrooms usually focus on the influence of more objective aspects like temperature, light, sound, etc., based on concepts or attributes defined by experts. Thus, the attributes used to find relations with design parameters might not be recognised by users, thereby conditioning the evaluation process itself. This paper aims to analyse students' affective response to a university classroom in their own words, and then, after obtaining the semantic space, to identify the design elements that generate a positive affective response. This analysis was carried out implementing the Semantic Differential method in the framework of Kansei Engineering. A sample of 918 university students was assessed in situ in 30 university classrooms. The results show that students' affective structure in relation to their classroom comprises six independent factors: functionality and layout, cosy and pleasant, concentration and comfort, modern design, daylight and outward facing, and artificial lighting. From these factors, efforts to improve the classroom environment should be directed mainly towards two aspects: improving classroom functionality-layout, which is significantly related to the work space allocated to students; and the sensation of cosy-pleasant which is generated by all the classroom design parameters, but in particular, those that refer to the relationship of the classroom with the outdoor environment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Trujillo2017b,

title = {El espacio digital: comparativa de las últimas técnicas de visualización arquitectónica},

author = {Juan Luis Higuera Trujillo and Juan López Tarruella Maldonado and Carmen Llinares Millán and Susana Iñarra Abad},

url = {https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/EGA/article/view/4234},

doi = {10.4995/EGA.2017.4234},

issn = {2254-6103},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {EGA Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica},

volume = {22},

issue = {31},

pages = {102-111},

publisher = {Universitat Politecnica de Valencia},

abstract = {The great technological evolution of architectural rendering resources over the last few decades has opened up a new range of possibilities to visualise the non-built space.The spatial immersion systems, developed by the videogame industry, have entered in the sceptical area of architectural rendering, offering a series of undeniable advantages including enhancing the understanding of spaces to inexpert people.In order to study the benefits of these new virtual tools, an experimental study was carried out so as to compare the user response to technological and graphic supports.With a simple of 84 individuals, the obtained data reveal significant differences in the space perception depending on the format and support used to their representation. The results of this study allow us to reflect on new means of architectural rendering in the professional and teaching field.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Methodological bases for a new platform for the measurement of human behavior in virtual environments},

author = {Javier Marín-Morales and Carmen Torrecilla-Moreno and Jaime Guixeres-Provinciale and Carmen Llinares-Millán},

doi = {10.6036/7963},

issn = {19891490},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Dyna (Spain)},

volume = {92},

issue = {1},

pages = {34-38},

publisher = {Publicaciones Dyna Sl},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {User Evaluation of Neonatology Ward Design: An Application of Focus Group and Semantic Differential},

author = {Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Antoni Montañana Aviñó and Carmen Llinares Millán},

url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1937586716641275},

doi = {10.1177/1937586716641275},

issn = {21675112},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal},

volume = {10},

issue = {2},

pages = {23-48},

publisher = {SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA},

abstract = {Objective:The object of this article is to identify the set of affective and emotional factors behind users’ assessments of a space in a neonatology unit and to propose design guidelines based on t...},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Trujillo2017,

title = {User Evaluation of Neonatology Ward Design: An Application of Focus Group and Semantic Differential},

author = {Juan Luis Higuera Trujillo and Antoni Montañana Aviñó and Carmen Llinares Millán},

url = {https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/112969},

doi = {10.1177/1937586716641275},

issn = {1937-5867},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal},

volume = {10},

issue = {2},

pages = {23-48},

publisher = {SAGE Publications},

abstract = {The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spain (Project TIN2013-45736-R).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Psychological and physiological human responses to simulated and real environments: A comparison between Photographs, 360° Panoramas, and Virtual Reality},

author = {Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo and Juan López-Tarruella Maldonado and Carmen Llinares Millán},

doi = {10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.05.006},

issn = {0003-6870},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Applied Ergonomics},

volume = {65},

pages = {398-409},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Psychological research into human factors frequently uses simulations to study the relationship between human behaviour and the environment. Their validity depends on their similarity with the physical environments. This paper aims to validate three environmental-simulation display formats: photographs, 360° panoramas, and virtual reality. To do this we compared the psychological and physiological responses evoked by simulated environments set-ups to those from a physical environment setup; we also assessed the users' sense of presence. Analysis show that 360° panoramas offer the closest to reality results according to the participants' psychological responses, and virtual reality according to the physiological responses. Correlations between the feeling of presence and physiological and other psychological responses were also observed. These results may be of interest to researchers using environmental-simulation technologies currently available in order to replicate the experience of physical environments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Architectural Educational Experience in Kansei},

author = {Igor Fernández Plazaola and Carmen Llinares Millán and Antoni Montañana Aviñó and Maria Pons Morera},

doi = {10.17265/1934-7359/2016.02.001},

issn = {19347359},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture},

volume = {10},

issue = {2},

publisher = {David Publishing Company},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Elapsed time on first buying triggers brand choices within a category: A virtual reality-based study},

author = {Enrique Bigné and Carmen Llinares and Carmen Torrecilla},

doi = {10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2015.10.119},

issn = {0148-2963},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Business Research},

volume = {69},

issue = {4},

pages = {1423-1427},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {This study integrates neuroscientific tools such as data from eye movements, store navigation, and brand choice in a virtual supermarket into a single source data analysis to examine consumer choice, customer experience, and shopping behavior in a store. Through qualitative comparative analysis, the findings suggest that a high level of attention to a brand and slow eye movements between brands lead to additional brand purchases within the product category. This study points out that the key driver of additional brand choices is the time buyers spend on the first choice, showing that the allocation of less for the first choice triggers additional purchases within the product category and, therefore, increases sales. In addition, this study discusses practical and methodological implications for retailers, manufacturers, and researchers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Navarro2016,

title = {Exploring the relationship between co-creation and satisfaction using QCA},

author = {Susana Navarro and Carmen Llinares and Dolores Garzon},

doi = {10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2015.10.103},

issn = {0148-2963},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Business Research},

volume = {69},

issue = {4},

pages = {1336-1339},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Customer behavior is one of the key components of value co-creation. Several authors believe that co-creation generates satisfaction. However, few studies exist that focus on that relationship. This study explores the relationship between value co-creation and customer satisfaction in spa services through a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). QCA analysis allows exploring the relations between the variables. The main contribution of this article is going beyond identifying the concrete co-creation variables that relate to satisfaction. The sample consists of hotel clients that use the spa service.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Llinares2016,

title = {C2C interactions creating value in the Route of Santiago},

author = {Carmen Llinares and Dolores Garzon and Susana Navarro},

doi = {10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2016.04.153},

issn = {0148-2963},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Business Research},

volume = {69},

issue = {11},

pages = {5448-5455},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {The role of interaction between customers (customer-to-customer; C2C) is a key factor when extracting value from a touristic experience. Several studies incorporate quantitative and qualitative aspects referring to interactions and can provide a holistic view about C2C experiences, being therefore more capable of predicting the effects of C2C interaction on customer behavior. This study analyzes C2C interactions in backpackers’ experience and their effect on the cruise experience and vacation satisfaction. The study uses fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to explore a causal relationship with dichotomous outcomes, both the presence and the absence of the variables. The study focuses on a sample of 50 pilgrims after making the Route of Santiago. The results reveal that the variables quality, intensity, valence, and influence are important conditions for the vacation experience and provoke indirect effects on vacation satisfaction. The main contribution of this study is setting the analysis of C2C interactions as a valuable tool for effective managerial intervention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Galiana2016,

title = {Impact of architectural variables on acoustic perception in concert halls},

author = {Miguel Galiana and Carmen Llinares and Álvaro Page},

doi = {10.1016/J.JENVP.2016.09.003},

issn = {0272-4944},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},

volume = {48},

pages = {108-119},

publisher = {Academic Press},

abstract = {Acoustic perception in concert halls has been a topic of research of great interest over the last century. It has been studied through physical and subjective parameters. Nevertheless, a concert in an auditorium is a multi-sensorial experience; so that the acoustic perception may be influenced by other non-acoustical attributes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze whether architectural variables (visual component) affect acoustic perception in concert halls and quantify this influence. This analysis was carried out implementing the Semantic Differential method and differentiating among experts and non-experts users. A total of 310 subjects assessed in situ 17 concert halls. Results showed that acoustic perception was influenced by the visual component, and acoustic parameters had an influence on architecture as well. However, when separating both groups, it was found that experts were able to isolate acoustic variables from architecture when evaluating the sound quality of a venue.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Castilla2016,

title = {Ingeniería Kansei aplicada al diseño lumínico de espacios emocionales = Kansei engineering in the lighting design of emotional spaces.},

author = {Nuria Castilla and Carmen Llinares and Blanca Vicente},

url = {http://polired.upm.es/index.php/anales_de_edificacion/article/view/3192},

doi = {10.20868/ADE.2016.3192},

issn = {2444-1309},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Anales de Edificación},

volume = {2},

issue = {1},

pages = {7-11},

publisher = {Universidad Politecnica de Madrid - University Library},

abstract = {Resumen Tradicionalmente, cuando se proyecta la iluminación de un determinado espacio se hace intuitivamente, mejorando el diseño mediante el método de prueba y error, basándose únicamente en la propia voluntad o en las propias preferencias y sin tener en cuenta los conocimientos de la investigación en iluminación o las necesidades y las preferencias del usuario final. En ocasiones, este sistema deviene costoso e ineficiente ya que toda la responsabilidad del diseño recae en la voluntad de los diseñadores. Por otro lado, la investigación en iluminación también ha estado alejada del mundo del diseñador de la iluminación y del usuario. Los estudios que han tratado de analizar la respuesta de los usuarios ante el ambiente luminoso proceden del ámbito de la psicología o de la ingeniería y no han tenido en cuenta en sus estudios los parámetros del diseño luminoso que puedan dar respuesta a las necesidades del usuario. El objeto del presente trabajo es proponer una metodología que mediante el uso de la Ingeniería Kansei evalúe la respuesta emocional de los usuarios ante la iluminación con el objeto de diseñar espacios iluminados emocionalmente eficientes. La metodología propuesta puede tener importantes implicaciones en la eficiencia energética de los edificios ya que permite conocer la respuesta del usuario ante distintas características de la iluminación y concentrar los esfuerzos en aquellos parámetros que realmente sean apreciados por los usuarios. Abstract Traditionally, when lighting a given space projects is done intuitively, improving the design by the method of trial and error, based solely on his own will or individual preferences and regardless of knowledge of research in lighting or the needs and preferences of the end user. Sometimes, this system becomes costly and inefficient since all design responsibility lies with the will of the designers. On the other hand, research in lighting has also been removed from the world of lighting designer and user. Studies that have tried to analyze the user response to the bright atmosphere come from the field of psychology or engineering and have not taken into account in studying the parameters of light design that can respond to user needs. The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology using Kansei Engineering assess the emotional response of users to the lighting in order to design efficient emotionally lit spaces. The proposed methodology can have important implications for the energy efficiency of buildings since it allows the user to know the answer to different lighting features and concentrate efforts on those parameters that are really appreciated by users.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Abad2015,

title = {Atención visual en la evaluación de espacios arquitectónicos},

author = {Susana Inarra Abad and Francisco Juan Vidal and Carmen Llinares Millán and Jaime Guixeres Provinciate},

url = {https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/EGA/article/view/3585},

doi = {10.4995/EGA.2015.3585},

issn = {2254-6103},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {EGA Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica},

volume = {20},

issue = {25},

pages = {228-237},

publisher = {Universitat Politecnica de Valencia},

abstract = {Analysis of visual behaviour before a given stimulus is a tool for studying an observer’s most immediate, instinctive response. Recent access to technology able to locate and record the path the eye takes when observing a stimulus has led to growing interest in how we observe our environment. Studies which have simultaneously measured an observer’s subjective response and visual journey make it possible to establish a relationship between the way the image is observed and the observer’s visual attention to the image. This present paper describes an experimental study which applies this new technique for visual analysis to the observation of images used in recent architecture competitions. These measurement tools for measuring physiological responses can make a significant contribution to observer analysis.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Modelling design requirements of a floor plan},

author = {Antoni Montañana and Carmen Llinares and Álvaro F. Page},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-04-2015-B0014},

issn = {01682601},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Open House International},

volume = {40},

issue = {4},

pages = {88-93},

publisher = {Open House International Association},

abstract = {Currently many real estate developers offer their products through their websites. The aim of this medium is not only to facilitate understanding of the building, but also to capture the attention of potential customers, provoking feelings and emotions that influence the purchase decision, especially in the case of Off-Plan property sales. Understanding the cognitive factors behind customers' evaluation processes prior to a purchase is of great interest for defining successful design criteria. The interior space of the property is one of the most important aspect in users' purchase decisions. The paper aims to determine which property design elements in floor plans provoke the emotions users use to describe its interior design. A field study was carried out on a sample of 75 individuals who evaluated a set of images of real estate promotions. The results show that the landings and corridors are fundamental; The area must be spacious so that larger surface areas score best; The living room must be well differentiated from the bedrooms; The valuation of the space depends on the graphic form of presentation, the use of warm colours and the degree of detail in the plans has a positive influence on the assessment. This information may be of great interest for architects and designers in the graphic representation of the space.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Llinares2014,

title = {Human factors in computer simulations of urban environment. Differences between architects and non-architects’ assessments},

author = {Carmen Llinares and Susana Iñarra},

doi = {10.1016/J.DISPLA.2014.05.002},

issn = {0141-9382},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Displays},

volume = {35},

issue = {3},

pages = {126-140},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Computer visualisations are widely used to evaluate future urban environments in international competitions. Rapid technological progress in graphics computer software has enabled architects and landscape planners to produce sophisticated images that are not only capable of transmitting the characteristics of the future environment, they also manage to evoke in observers the sort of feelings and emotions which can only be aroused by experiencing the space. This present paper attempts to identify the affective responses that influence the evaluation of urban environment proposal, analysing the model of architects and non-architects's preferences. A sample of 104 architects and 113 non-architects expressed their opinions on 48 urban computer simulations. The results show that for both groups the success of a digital visualisation is associated to the feelings of innovation and wellbeing. However, their assessments differ significantly because each group associates these feelings with different aspects. In general, architects are more critical in their assessments. ©2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Llinares2013,

title = {An approach to defining strategies for improving city perception. Case study of Valencia, Spain},

author = {Carmen Llinares and Alvaro Page and Jaime Llinares},

doi = {10.1016/J.CITIES.2013.06.009},

issn = {0264-2751},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Cities},

volume = {35},

pages = {78-88},

publisher = {Pergamon},

abstract = {In times of economic crisis, scanty resources must be invested in improving attributes that citizens perceive as relevant. In this regard, many studies have analysed the set of attributes in a city that are able to increase citizen satisfaction. These studies consider that the relationship between these variables (attributes-citizens' response) is linear. Thus urban managers will decide to invest in all attributes with low levels of implementation. However, as theoretical and empirical studies have shown this relationship may be non-linear, so investments may be made in attributes where citizens do not perceive improvements. Kano's Model provides an effective way of categorising user requirements and helps understand the nature of these requirements considering possible non-linear behaviours. This technique categorises the attributes into three classes depending on their ability to create satisfaction or cause dissatisfaction: exciter, linear and basic. This paper attempts to present a method for defining strategies that improve perception of the city using Kano's classification. A practical example in the city of Valencia (Spain) is presented. A sample of 153 citizens evaluated different neighbourhoods in the city. The study defines the attributes citizens use to describe neighbourhoods, classifying them according to Kano's Model, and then defines action strategies. The results show that the relationship between most perception attributes and citizens' evaluations is asymmetrical and non-linear, and therefore perception analysis models should not be compensatory or linear. These findings demonstrate the need to apply this type of technique because traditional techniques are able to identify linear attributes but not basic and exciter factors. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Architects and non-architects: Differences in perception of property design},

author = {Antoni Montañana and Carmen Llinares and Elena Navarro},

url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10901-012-9312-7},

doi = {10.1007/S10901-012-9312-7/FIGURES/4},

issn = {15664910},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Housing and the Built Environment},

volume = {28},

issue = {2},

pages = {273-291},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {This study is an analysis of the perceptions of experts and non-experts in the building industry concerning a series of real estate promotions in the city of Valencia (Spain). Differential semantics were used to obtain a set of 7 dimensions or affective responses which users employ to assess real estate offerings. Two global evaluations were obtained, differentiating between purchase for residential or investment purposes. The fieldwork was done on a sample of 160 individuals (80 architects and 80 non-architects) who were asked to give their opinion on physical stimuli which included information from real estate promotion advertising brochures. Linear regression was used to estimate 4 predictive models to estimate overall customer assessment of a given offering based on an evaluation of different dimensions or affective responses. The results show different responses in both groups and for the two global assessment variables. Differential semantics appears to be a good instrument for measuring the subjective component of consumers' emotional states. It is an emotional design technique which provides information on the emotions an object generates by capturing the affective meaning the user attaches to it. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Abad2013,

title = {Arquitecturas irreales y perspectiva emocional},

author = {Susana Iñarra Abad and Francisco Juan Vidal and Carmen Llinares Millán},

url = {https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/EGA/article/view/1534},

doi = {10.4995/EGA.2013.1534},

issn = {2254-6103},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {EGA Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica},

volume = {2013},

issue = {21},

pages = {204-215},

publisher = {Universitat Politecnica de Valencia},

abstract = {It is redundant to affirm nowadays that virtua lreality has revolutionized architectural illustration. Seductive, computer-generated perspectives have invaded architectural rendering, mixed with photographs of built architecture, to the exten tthat it is not known (nor is there any desire to know) whether the place they represent exists or not in physical reality. Virtua limages are not only a means of communicating the future project they have become objects of creation, artistic ends in themselves. The architecture project needs to communicate and therefore requires certain communication strategies. Until recently the architect's point of view flooded the architectural expression of the project, now the user is a new filter through which the project must be observed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Galiana2012,

title = {Subjective evaluation of music hall acoustics: Response of expert and non-expert users},

author = {Miguel Galiana and Carmen Llinares and Page},

doi = {10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2012.06.008},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {58},

pages = {1-13},

publisher = {Pergamon},

abstract = {Many studies have attempted to measure human response in music halls in order to determine acoustic quality. However, all these works have used parameters defined by experts. This approach may be an important drawback since users who have to evaluate such concepts may not understand or misunderstand parameters which do not correspond to their own conceptual structure.This paper attempts to establish a methodology to define valid evaluation scales for different collectives and determine evaluation criteria related to the overall assessment of music hall acoustics. It analyses music hall acoustics from the user's perspective and investigates the differences of perception between experts and non-experts through Semantic Differential within the frame of Kansei Engineering.The research was carried out through a field study in 17 auditoria of the Valencia Region (Spain). Perceptions regarding the acoustic quality of these venues were studied in a group of non-experts (236) and other of experts (74). Differences of perception between both collectives were identified and analysed. The main factors characterising the subjective preference of each group were determined (5 factors for non-experts and 6 for experts) and their influence on the global acoustic assessment was quantified. Furthermore, predicting perceptual models were built and the utility of the methodology was tested through the semantic profiles of two venues not included in the above analysis.This methodology was useful for studying music hall acoustics from the viewpoints of experts and non-experts and it may also enable optimization of design features of music halls. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Llinares2012,

title = {Differences in Architects and Nonarchitects' Perception of Urban Design: An Application of Kansei Engineering Techniques},

author = {Carmen Llinares and Antoni Montañana and Elena Navarro},

doi = {10.1155/2011/736307},

issn = {2090-4185},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Urban Studies Research},

volume = {2011},

pages = {1-13},

publisher = {Hindawi Limited},

abstract = {We analyse architects and nonarchitects' emotional assessments of different districts in their own city (Valencia, Spain) by applying Kansei engineering techniques. A field study was carried out on a sample of 140 subjects (70 architects and 70 nonarchitects) who were asked to express their opinions on different areas in the city. The set of emotional impressions used by architects and non-architects to describe their sensations was obtained using differential semantics. The semantic space was described by 9 independent axis which explained 62% of the variability. Then, for each collective the set of impressions which influence the final residential or investment area decision was analysed. This relationship was obtained applying linear regression models. The results showed no significant differences between both groups so that the emotional attributes determining the choice of area were very similar for architects and non-architects. Greater discrepancies were found when the purpose of the choice was investment and not residential. Finally a neighbourhood was semantically profiled to represent and compare both collectives' perceptions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}